population with a vaccine produced from an existing, available H5N1 strain

We have used a mouse challenge model to compare the immunogenicity and efficacy of inactivated, Vero cell-derived, whole virus H5N1 vaccines in single immunization and homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimes. A single immunization was sufficient to protect against a lethal challenge with strains from matched and unmatched H5N1 clades. Homologous and heterologous prime-boost regimes induced cross-neutralizing antibodies and cross-protection against representative viruses of H5N1 clade 1, clade 2.1, clade 2.2 and clade 2.3.

Moreover, the results indicate that heterologous prime-boost immunization regimes might broaden the specificity of the anti-H5N1 antibody response.and protects against SHIV challenge.squamous epithelium limits antigen uptake. Here we utilize a modified needle-free injector to deliver immunizations to the sublingual and buccal (SL/B) tissue of rhesus macaques. Needle-free SL/B vaccination with modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) and a recombinant trimeric gp120 protein generates strong vaccine-specific IgG responses in serum as well as vaginal, rectal and salivary secretions. Vaccine-induced IgG responses show a remarkable breadth against gp70-V1V2 sequences from multiple clades of HIV-1. In contrast, topical SL/B immunizations generates minimal IgG responses.

Following six intrarectal pathogenic SHIV-SF162P3 challenges, needle-free but not topical immunization results in a significant delay of acquisition of infection. Delay of infection correlates with non-neutralizing antibody effector function, Env-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses, and gp120 V2 loop specific antibodies. These results demonstrate needle-free MVA/gp120 oral vaccination as a practical and effective route to induce protective immunity against HIV-1.antibodies would no longer offer protection against disease or interfere with age at which colostrum-derived bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibodies would no longer offer protection against infection or interfere with vaccination. DESIGN: Prospective observational field study. ANIMALS: 466 calves in 2 California dairy herds. PROCEDURE: Serum BVDV neutralizing antibody titers were measured from birth through 300 days of age.

The age by which colostrum-derived BVDV antibodies had decayed sufficiently that calves were considered susceptible to BVDV infection (ie, titer < or = 1:16) or calves became seronegative was modeled with survival analysis methods. Mixed-effects regression analysis was used to model colostrum-derived BVDV antibody titer for any given age. RESULTS: Half the calves in both herds became seronegative for BVDV type I by 141 days of age and for BVDV type II by 114 days of age. Rate of antibody decay was significantly associated with antibody titer at 1 to 3 days of age and with whether calves were congenitally infected with BVDV. Three-month-old calves were predicted to have a mean BVDV type-I antibody titer of 1:32 and a mean BVDV type-II antibody titer of 1:16. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results provide an improved understanding of the decay of BVDV-specific colostrum-derived antibodies in dairy calves raised under typical field conditions. Knowledge of the age when the calf herd becomes susceptible can be useful when designing vaccination programs aimed at minimizing negative effects of colostrum-derived antibodies on vaccine efficacy while maximizing overall calf herd immunity.

to persist in  fucose , including low measles vaccination coverage, low anti-measles herd immunity levels, and the mobility of individuals with measles across Europe. The study assessed the mean measles vaccination coverage in the European Union and the WHO European region with one and two doses of measles vaccine from 1980 to 2015, and the prevalence of vaccine-induced protected individuals and anti-measles herd immunity levels in the WHO European region during 2000-2015. The study found that measles vaccination coverage with two doses of vaccine was <90% in the European Union and the WHO European region from 1995 to 2015. In the WHO European region, the two-dose measles vaccination coverage during the 2000-2015 period was <95% in 41 countries (79%), and the prevalence of vaccine-induced protected individuals in the target vaccination population was lower than the herd immunity threshold of 94.4% in 33 countries (63%).